Between figurative and non-representational art

Wulf Herzogenrath

Some art historians search for artworks to illustrate their theories, while others attempt to unveil the artists’ ideas contained within the artworks. The former favour their own theories and often overlook the artworks’ unique quality; the latter consider the artworks themselves, predominantly understanding the works from the artists’ perspective. As may become apparent through my wording, I prefer the second approach for my undertaking, as I believe the works exist for themselves and for the viewer. Scholars’ major theories are interesting constructs, however, they are seldom helpful in understanding individual artworks and their impact, which to me seems to be the starting point of all art.

In the 1950s/60s we witnessed the division of artistic production, along with a simultaneous total condemnation of the other, within West and East Germany. The fight between figurative versus “abstract” art, as the non-representational has wrongly been termed, polarised the art scene in East and West Germany: in the East all
“abstract” art was condemned as formalistic. In East German art history, Wassily Kandinsky only ever appeared through his decoration of cups, as non-representational art was deemed anti-socialist. In the West, “abstract” art by artists such as Willi Baumeister and Will Grohmann “triumphed” over figurative painting by the likes of Karl Hofer as it became a symbol for the incarnation of Western freedom. Up until the 1970s, figurative or even realistic art was deemed antiquated. Due to politically motivated currents, it then began to disperse on both sides and the figurative expressive artists – with their successes abroad – suddenly found themselves in the spotlight. This is how the self-proclaimed “capitalist realists” Polke and Richter, but also K.P. Brehmer or Wolf Vostell, became leading artists in the West. As did Kiefer, Baselitz, Lüpertz or Immendorff, with their distinct positions in expressive painting. In the East, the accomplishments of Bauhaus and the efforts of non-representational artists, who had been deemed formalists up until that point, gradually became recognized.

Reducing figuration and “abstraction” to opposites generates an absurd separation and false categorization, the extent of which can be concluded from the term “abstract”: Abstraction is based on realism; simplifying and reaching the core means exposing and utilizing the figurative quality – it is because of this that “non-representational” is usually what is meant when a work is referred to as “abstract”.

The development of Wassily Kandinsky’s or Piet Mondrian’s work demonstrates precisely the fact that these artists were inspired by representational figuration – be they landscapes or animals – exposing the basic structure and elements. These and other artists’ transitional, and even later works bear reference to the world of objects through the employment of realistic elements in compositions that appear non-representational; Mondrian’s rectangular structure of vertical/horizontal systems, or the streets of New York and the musical rhythm of the boogie-woogie, or Kandinsky’s landscapes and, later on, his conceptions of the universe.

If we act on the assumption that we can oftentimes identify rudiments of the real world and figuration in seemingly non-representational art, then Sebastian Heiner’s works present a good example of the connection, and not the separation, of both. When viewing Sebastian Heiner’s paintings from the first decades, we realize that figure and figuration always dominate and dictate the painterly structure – consequently, we may then also realize that in the last decades’ paintings, realities, rather than non-representational “abstract” motives, served as inspiration for his artistic will. During the process of painting, an important extension of reality serves as inspiration for the composition. The physical act of painting itself determines the gesture of colour application and the dimensions of painterly figuration. The artistic gesture’s physicality defines the forms of the powerful colour application, the impetus, the dimensions, and the overlays – which is why Sebastian Heiner has often performed the process of painting in front of an audience, or has captured it on camera. As we can see, the artist is concerned with “figurative” forms, not non-representational painting. If we define figurative as “coherent with reality” and its origin as “recognizable shapes from reality” (as stated in the Wikipedia entry), Sebastian Heiner’s paintings from the last decades speak clearly of the painting process’ reality. The materials used as well as the gestures related to the body during the process of painting are simple realities, which become apparent in the gestural paintings. The works correspond to the materials chosen by the artist, while the pictorial forms correlate to the artistic gesture, and the colour density coincides with the over­lapping courses of movement.

While Judaism and Islam avoid the depiction of the human figure in paintings in favour of aniconism, Christianity does not follow this principle, even if some Calvinistic austerity or revolutionary actions have temporarily occurred, such as the destruction of paintings during the French Revolution. Figuration remains the basis of a European and Western-oriented tradition of painting. Since the origination of action painting by the likes of Jackson Pollock or Matthieu – the latter even specifying time measurements for the painting process, with concrete starting and ending points – it also makes sense to acknowledge the actual creation of a painting, the physical gestural choreography of painting with the body. In this regard, Sebastian Heiner’s work is rooted in a specific tradition of figurative painting, even if he seems to break away from it with wild, emotional gestures!